Class 8 Science Chapter 2

Important Terms On Class 8 Science Chapter 2

1. Microorganisms

This part of chapter 2 of Class 8 Science focuses a branch of microbiology which introduced the importance of microorganism in our ecosystem. We have seen several kinds of plants and animals. However, there are many living organisms around us which we cannot see with eyes alone. These are called microorganisms or microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae. For example, you might have observed that during rainy season moist bread gets to spoil and its surface gets covered with greyish-white patches.

2. Microorganisms And Diseases

Remember, water and soil are full of tiny organisms, but all of them not comes into microorganisms or microbe’s category. Do you know? Viruses are also microorganisms. They reproduce only inside the cells of the host organisms and cause serious disease like Polio, Chickenpox, Common cold. Diseases like Typhoid, Tuberculosis are bacterial diseases which are caused by protozoans.

3. Where Do Microorganisms Live?

Microorganisms can survive under all types of environment, ranging from ice cold climate to hot springs and deserts to marshy lands. They are also found in polluted air and water as well as in inside the bodies of animals, including humans. Remember, microorganisms like amoeba can live alone while fungi and bacteria may live in colonies.

4. Microorganisms And Us

In this part of the content discusses the role of microorganisms, if microorganisms are good or bad for us. Thus, this part of the chapter will help, to an extent, in clearing this matter. As you know, that microorganisms play an essential role in our lives. Some of them are beneficial in many ways, whereas some others are harmful and causes diseases. They are used for various friendly purposes as they are used in cleaning up of the environment. For example, the organic wastes (vegetable peels, remains of animals, faeces etc.) are broken down into harmless and usable substance by bacteria, called manure. In agriculture, they are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.

5. Microorganisms As A Friends

You may know that microorganisms are used for the preparation of curd, bread and cake. Curd contains several microorganisms. The bacterium Lactobacillus promotes the formation of curd. Similarly, yeast is also used in the baking industry for making slices of bread, pastries and cakes. Microorganisms are also used for the large-scale production of alcohol, wine and acetic acid. As yeast is used for the smell of alcohol as sugar converts into alcohol. The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called ‘fermentation’.

6. Microorganisms In Medicine

Whenever we fall ill, the doctor gives us some antibiotic tablets, capsule or injection. The sources of these medicines are microorganisms. Do you think why they are used? These medicines kill or stop the growth of the disease-causing microorganisms. Hence, such medicines are called ‘Antibiotics’. Antibiotics are even mixed with the feed of livestock and poultry to check microbial infection in animals. They are also used to control many plant diseases. When a disease-carrying microbe enters our body, the body produces ‘antibodies’ to fight the invader. In our childhood, we must have been given an injection for ‘Smallpox’ and ‘Polio’ to protect our-self against these diseases. Generally, these vaccines are made from microbes or microorganisms.

7. Microorganisms As Decomposer

As you learn before, some bacteria and blue-green algae are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere to enrich the soil with nitrogen and increase its fertility. You often see a large amount of dead organic matter in the form of decaying plants and dead animals on the ground. You find that they disappear after some time. This is because the microorganisms decompose dead organic waste of plants and animals, converting them into manure or nutrients. The other plants and animals again use these substances.

8. Harmful Microorganisms

This part of the Class 8 Science deals with some diseases which are caused by microorganisms. Microorganisms are harmful in many ways. Some of the microorganisms cause diseases in human beings, plants and animals, called ‘Pathogens’.

9. Disease – Causing Microorganisms In Humans

Microbial diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through the air, water, food or physical contact, called ‘Communicable Diseases’. When a person suffering from common cold sneezes, fine droplets of moisture carrying thousands of viruses are spread in the air, and then through the air, the virus enters the body of a healthy person while breathing. There are some insects and animals which act as ‘carriers’ of diseases causing microbes. Such as houseflies, mosquitoes, cockroach etc. Remember, ‘Anopheles Mosquito’ which careers the parasite of malaria. ‘Female Aedes’ mosquito act as a carrier of the dengue virus.

10. Disease – Causing Microorganisms In Animals And Plants

Anthrax is a dangerous human and cattle disease caused by the bacterium. Several microorganisms are there which causes diseases in plants like wheat, rice, potato, sugarcane, orange, apple and others. These diseases reduce the yield of crops. Microorganisms that grow on our food sometimes produce toxic substances. These make the food poisonous, causing severe illness and even death.

11. Food Preservation

In this part of the content gives an idea about food preservation from microorganism or microbes. As you know, spoilt food emits a bad smell and has a bad taste and change colour. So, it is very important that we preserve food to prevent it from being spoilt. Salt and edible oils are common chemicals generally used to check the growth of microorganisms, called ‘Preservatives’. Common salt has been used to preserve meat and fish for ages. Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by sugar. As you know, boiling kills many microorganisms. You must have noticed that your mother is boiling milk before it is stored or used. Now in a day, dry fruits and even vegetables are sold in sealed airtight packets to prevent the attack of microbes.

12. Nitrogen Cycle

We know that our atmosphere has 78% nitrogen gas. Light and Nitrogen are the essential constituents of all living organisms as part of proteins, chlorophyll, nucleic acid and vitamins. Nitrogen cannot be taken by plants and animals directly. Certain bacteria and blue-green algae fix the nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert into compounds of nitrogen in the soil. When plants and animals die, bacteria and fungi convert the nitrogenous waste into nitrogenous compounds. And again, used by plants. As a result, the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere remains constant.

13. Nitrogen Fixation

As you know, the involvement of rhizobium bacteria in the fixation of nitrogen for leguminous plants. Rhizobium lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants and converts nitrogen into a soluble form for them. But that bacteria cannot make their own food. In return, leguminous plants provide food and shelter to the rhizobium bacteria. In this way, you can see microorganisms have tons of benefits, and they can cause deadly diseases too. As they are crucial in maintaining a balance in our ecological system, which helps to survive all living organisms.