Anatomical Terms and History

Anatomy

The branch of biology which deals with the study of gross features that can be seen with the unaided eye.

Physiology

The branch of biology that is concerned with all the physical and chemical processes that occur within the body of a living organism.

Eleven

The number of organ systems in the body

Integumentary

The organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages

Skeletal

bones cartilage ligaments and joints. Supports the body and provides framework for movement.

Muscular

Muscles mobility of the body

Nervous

Brain spinal cord nerves and sensory receptors. It is the control system of the body and acts quickly.

Endocrine

Glands. Uses hormones to control the body and acts slower.

Cardiovascular

Heart and blood. Used to carry nutrients oxygen hormones and other substances to tissues.

Lymphatic

Lymphatic vessels lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs (spleen and tonsils). 

Cleanses the body and returns blood back into the Cardiovascular system.

Respiratory

Keeps body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

Digestive

Oral cavity esophagus stomach small and large intestines and rectum. Break down food and deliver the products to the blood for disposal to the body cells

Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Reproductive

Produce offspring.

Maintaining Boundaries

We don't fall apart

Movement

Movement

Responsiveness

Sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react to them.

Digestion

Process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to all body cells.

Metabolism

Chemical reactions inside the body that includes breaking down complex substances into ATP.

Excretion

Process of removing wastes from the body.

Reproduction

Production of offspring

Growth

Increase in the number of cells.

Homeostasis

a dynamic state of the Human body. Regulates the body through the use of nervous and endocrine system sending electrical signals through hormones and nerves.

Receptors

Sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment called stimuli

Control Center. Determines the level at which a variable is maintained analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action

Effector

Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus and returns the body back to normal.

Efferent Pathway

The pathway where information from the control center goes to the effector

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Most homeostatic control mechanisms. Shuts off original stimulus or reduce its power. Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Rare. Pushes the stimulus farther. Blood clotting and birth.

Homeostatic Imbalance

When the body becomes more and more inefficient. Aging occurs during this stage.

Anatomical position

face front with palms sticking outwards.

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (Caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Anterior (Ventral)Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (Dorsal) Toward or at the backside of the body; behind Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body.

Lateral Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal  Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Median (Midsagittal) Cut through the center of the body vertically. Exposes left and right parts.

Frontal (Coronal)

Cut through the body length wise. Exposes the posterior and anterior parts.

Transverse (Cross)

Cut through the center of the body horizontally. Exposes the inferior and superior parts.

Hippocrates

Greek physician. Father of medicine. Known for the Hippocratic oath.

Galen

Dissection authority of the day. All his work was based off of animals. No human dissection at this time.

Andreas Vesalius

Father of anatomy. Through his meticulous dissections discovered errors based on non-human specimen.

William Harvey

First man to state that blood flowed around the body. Horse glass tube experiment to prove movement of the blood.

Marcello Malpighi

Demonstrated presence of capillaries which was only theorized by William Harvey.

Claude Bernard

Discovered CO (Carbon Monoxide) poisoning living cells.

Ivan Pavlov

Conditioned responses.

Karl Landsteiner

Developed nomenclature for typing human blood into four groups (A. B. AB. O.

Corneille Heymans

Showed the rate of respiration is regulated by chemistry of the blood leaving the heart.

Joseph Lister

Antiseptic. Use of sterile instruments and equipment. Patients then survived the surgery and post operation periord.

James Lind

Importance of vitamin C. Cured scurvy

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